Details About Muslim Contributions in the Areas of Math Science and the Arts

The near precise solar calendar, superior to the Julian, is the Jilali, devised under the supervision of Umar Khayyam.

The Quran contains many references to astronomy:

"And it is He who created the night and the day and the sun and the moon; all [heavenly bodies] in an orbit are swimming."
[Noble Quran 21:33]

These references, and the injunctions to learn, inspired the early on Muslim scholars to study the heavens. They integrated the earlier works of the Indians, Persians and Greeks into a new synthesis.

Ptolemy's Almagest (the title every bit we know it today is actually Standard arabic) was translated, studied and criticized. Many new stars were discovered, equally we run across in their Arabic names - Algol, Deneb, Betelgeuse, Rigel, Aldebaran. Astronomical tables were compiled, among them the Toledan tables, which were used by Copernicus, Tycho Brahe and Kepler.

Too compiled were almanacs - another Arabic term. Other terms from Arabic are zenith, nadir, Aledo, azimuth.

Muslim astronomers were the outset to establish observatories, like the i built at Mugharah past Hulagu, the son of Genghis Khan, in Persia, and they invented instruments such as the quadrant and astrolabe, which led to advances non only in astronomy but in oceanic navigation, contributing to the European historic period of exploration.

Geography

Muslim scholars paid great attending to geography. In fact, the Muslims' great concern for geography originated with their religion.

The Quran encourages people to travel throughout the earth to see God'due south signs and patterns everywhere. Islam also requires each Muslim to have at to the lowest degree enough noesis of geography to know the direction of the Qiblah (the position of the Ka'bah in Makkah) in order to pray five times a day.

Muslims were besides used to taking long journeys to conduct merchandise likewise as to make the Hajj and spread their faith. The far-flung Islamic empire enabled scholar-explorers to compile large amounts of geographical and climatic data from the Atlantic to the Pacific.

Amongst the well-nigh famous names in the field of geography, fifty-fifty in the West, are Ibn Khaldun and Ibn Batuta, renowned for their written accounts of their extensive explorations.

In 1166, Al-Idrisi, the well-known Muslim scholar who served the Sicilian court, produced very accurate maps, including a world map with all the continents and their mountains, rivers and famous cities. Al-Muqdishi was the first geographer to produce accurate maps in color.

Kingdom of spain was ruled by Muslims under the banner of Islam for over 700 years. Past the 15th century of the Gregorian calendar the ruler-ship of Islam had been seated in Spain and Muslims had established centers of learning which commanded respect all over the known world at that time. In that location were no "Dark Ages" such the rest of Europe experienced for the Muslims in Spain and those who lived there with them. In January of 1492 Muslim Spain capitulated to Catholic Rome nether King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella. Past July of the same year, Muslims were instrumental in helping navigate Christopher Columbus to the Caribbean South of Florida.

It was, moreover, with the assist of Muslim navigators and their inventions that Magellan was able to traverse the Cape of Good Promise, and Da Gamma and Columbus had Muslim navigators on board their ships.

Humanity

Seeking noesis is obligatory in Islam for every Muslim, human and woman. The chief sources of Islam, the Quran and the Sunnah (Prophet Muhammad's traditions), encourage Muslims to seek noesis and exist scholars, since this is the all-time fashion for people to know Allah (God), to appreciate His wondrous creations and exist thankful for them.

Muslims take always been eager to seek knowledge, both religious and secular, and within a few years of Muhammad's mission, a swell civilization sprang up and flourished. The outcome is shown in the spread of Islamic universities; Al-Zaytunah in Tunis, and Al-Azhar in Cairo go dorsum more than 1,000 years and are the oldest existing universities in the globe. Indeed, they were the models for the commencement European universities, such as Bologna, Heidelberg, and the Sorbonne. Even the familiar academic cap and gown originated at Al-Azhar University.

Muslims made great advances in many unlike fields, such as geography, physics, chemistry, mathematics, medicine, pharmacology, architecture, linguistics and astronomy. Algebra and the Arabic numerals were introduced to the globe by Muslim scholars. The astrolabe, the quadrant, and other navigational devices and maps were developed past Muslim scholars and played an important role in world progress, nearly notably in Europe'due south historic period of exploration.

Muslim scholars studied the ancient civilizations from Greece and Rome to Red china and Bharat. The works of Aristotle, Ptolemy, Euclid and others were translated into Arabic. Muslim scholars and scientists then added their ain creative ideas, discoveries and inventions, and finally transmitted this new noesis to Europe, leading directly to the Renaissance. Many scientific and medical treatises, having been translated into Latin, were standard text and reference books as belatedly as the 17th and 18th centuries.

Mathematics

Muslim mathematicians excelled in geometry, as can be seen in their graphic arts, and it was the bully Al-Biruni (who excelled also in the fields of natural history, even geology and mineralogy) who established trigonometry equally a distinct co-operative of mathematics. Other Muslim mathematicians made significant progress in number theory.

Information technology is interesting to annotation that Islam so strongly urges mankind to study and explore the universe. For case, the Noble Quran states:

This invitation to explore and search made Muslims interested in astronomy, mathematics, chemical science, and the other sciences, and they had a very clear and firm understanding of the correspondences among geometry, mathematics, and astronomy.

The Muslims invented the symbol for zero (The word "cipher" comes from Standard arabic sifr), and they organized the numbers into the decimal arrangement - base 10. Additionally, they invented the symbol to express an unknown quantity, i.e. variables like x.

The first great Muslim mathematician, Al-Khawarizmi, invented the subject of algebra (al-Jabr), which was farther developed by others, about notably Umar Khayyam. Al-Khawarizmi's work, in Latin translation, brought the Arabic numerals along with the mathematics to Europe, through Spain. The give-and-take "algorithm" is derived from his proper noun.

Medicine

In Islam, the man body is a source of appreciation, as information technology is created past Almighty Allah (God). How it functions, how to keep it make clean and safe, how to preclude diseases from attacking it or cure those diseases, have been important issues for Muslims.

Ibn Sina (d. 1037), ameliorate known to the West as Avicenna, was peradventure the greatest physician until the mod era. His famous book, Al-Qanun fi al-Tibb, remained a standard textbook even in Europe, for over 700 years. Ibn Sina's work is nevertheless studied and built upon in the East.

Prophet Muhammad himself urged people to "take medicines for your diseases", every bit people at that time were reluctant to practise so. He also said,

Since the religion did not forbid it, Muslim scholars used human cadavers to study anatomy and physiology and to assistance their students understand how the trunk functions. This empirical report enabled surgery to develop very quickly.

Al-Razi, known in the West as Rhazes, the famous physician and scientist, (d. 932) was one of the greatest physicians in the globe in the Middle Ages. He stressed empirical observation and clinical medicine and was unrivalled as a diagnostician. He also wrote a treatise on hygiene in hospitals. Abul-Qasim Az-Zahrawi was a very famous surgeon in the eleventh century, known in Europe for his work, Concession (Kitab al-Tasrif).

Other significant contributions were made in pharmacology, such as Ibn Sina'southward Kitab al-Shifa' (Book of Healing), and in public wellness. Every major city in the Islamic earth had a number of excellent hospitals, some of them instruction hospitals, and many of them were specialized for particular diseases, including mental and emotional. The Ottomans were specially noted for their edifice of hospitals and for the high level of hygiene practiced in them.

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Source: https://scienceislam.com/muslims_science.php

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